# Copyright 2008-2012 Nokia Siemens Networks Oyj
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from __future__ import with_statement
import copy
import re
from robot.api import logger
from robot.libraries.BuiltIn import BuiltIn
from robot.utils import asserts, ET, ETSource, plural_or_not as s
from robot.version import get_version
should_be_equal = asserts.assert_equals
should_match = BuiltIn().should_match
class XML(object):
"""Robot Framework test library for verifying and modifying XML documents.
As the name implies, `XML` is a test library for verifying contents of XML
files. In practice it is a pretty thin wrapper on top of Python's
[http://docs.python.org/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html|ElementTree XML API].
The library has the following main usages:
- Parsing an XML file, or a string containing XML, into an XML element
structure and finding certain elements from it for for further analysis
(e.g. `Parse XML` and `Get Element` keywords).
- Getting text or attributes of elements
(e.g. `Get Element Text` and `Get Element Attribute`).
- Directly verifying text, attributes, or whole elements
(e.g `Element Text Should Be` and `Elements Should Be Equal`).
- Modifying XML and saving it (e.g. `Set Element Text`, `Add Element`
and `Save XML`).
== Table of contents ==
- `Parsing XML`
- `Example`
- `Finding elements with xpath`
- `Element attributes`
- `Handling XML namespaces`
- `Shortcuts`
- `Keywords`
= Parsing XML =
XML can be parsed into an element structure using `Parse XML` keyword.
It accepts both paths to XML files and strings that contain XML. The
keyword returns the root element of the structure, which then contains
other elements as its children and their children.
The element structure returned by `Parse XML`, as well as elements
returned by keywords such as `Get Element`, can be used as the `source`
argument with other keywords. In addition to an already parsed XML
structure, other keywords also accept paths to XML files and strings
containing XML similarly as `Parse XML`.
When the source is given as a path to a file, the forward slash character
(`/`) can be used as the path separator regardless the operating system.
On Windows also the backslash works, but it the test data it needs to be
escaped by doubling it (`\\\\`). Using the built-in variable `${/}`
naturally works too.
= Example =
The following simple example demonstrates parsing XML and verifying its
contents both using keywords in this library and in `BuiltIn` and
`Collections` libraries. How to use xpath expressions to find elements
and what attributes the returned elements contain are discussed, with
more examples, in `Finding elements with xpath` and `Element attributes`
sections.
In this example, as well as in many other examples in this documentation,
`${XML}` refers to the following example XML document. In practice `${XML}`
could either be a path to an XML file or it could contain the XML itself.
|
| text
|
|
|
|
| more text
|
|
|
|
|
| Text with bold and italics.
|
|
|
| ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${XML} | | |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | example | | |
| ${first} = | `Get Element` | ${root} | first | |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${first.text} | text | | |
| `Dictionary Should Contain Key` | ${first.attrib} | id | |
| `Element Text Should Be` | ${first} | text | | |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${first} | id | 1 | |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | id | 1 | xpath=first |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${XML} | id | 1 | xpath=first |
Notice that in the example three last lines are equivalent. Which one to
use in practice depends on which other elements you need to get or verify.
If you only need to do one verification, using the last line alone would
suffice. If more verifications are needed, parsing the XML with `Parse XML`
only once would be more efficient.
= Finding elements with xpath =
ElementTree, and thus also this library, supports finding elements using
xpath expressions. ElementTree does not, however, support the full xpath
syntax, and what is supported depends on its version. ElementTree 1.3 that
is distributed with Python and Jython 2.7 supports richer syntax than
versions distributed with earlier Python interpreters.
The supported xpath syntax is explained below and
[http://effbot.org/zone/element-xpath.htm|ElementTree documentation]
provides more details. In the examples `${XML}` refers to the same XML
structure as in the earlier example.
== Tag names ==
When just a single tag name is used, xpath matches all direct child
elements that have that tag name.
| ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | third | |
| @{children} = | `Get Elements` | ${elem} | child |
| `Length Should Be` | ${children} | 2 | |
== Paths ==
Paths are created by combining tag names with a forward slash (`/`).
For example, `parent/child` matches all `child` elements under `parent`
element. Notice that if there are multiple `parent` elements that all
have `child` elements, `parent/child` xpath will match all these `child`
elements.
| ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second/child |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | child | |
| ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third/child/grandchild |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | grandchild | |
== Wildcards ==
An asterisk (`*`) can be used in paths instead of a tag name to denote
any element.
| @{children} = | `Get Elements` | ${XML} | */child |
| `Length Should Be` | ${children} | 3 | |
== Current element ==
The current element is denoted with a dot (`.`). Normally the current
element is implicit and does not need to be included in the xpath.
== Parent element ==
The parent element of another element is denoted with two dots (`..`).
Notice that it is not possible to refer to the parent of the current
element. This syntax is supported only in ElementTree 1.3 (i.e.
Python/Jython 2.7 and newer).
| ${elem} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | */second/.. |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${elem.tag} | third | |
== Search all sub elements ==
Two forward slashes (`//`) mean that all sub elements, not only the
direct children, are searched. If the search is started from the current
element, an explicit dot is required.
| @{elements} = | `Get Elements` | ${XML} | .//second |
| `Length Should Be` | ${elements} | 2 | |
| ${b} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html//b |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${b.text} | bold | |
== Predicates ==
Predicates allow selecting elements using also other criteria than tag
names, for example, attributes or position. They are specified after the
normal tag name or path using syntax `path[predicate]`. The path can have
wildcards and other special syntax explained above.
What predicates ElementTree supports is explained in the table below.
Notice that predicates in general are supported only in ElementTree 1.3
(i.e. Python/Jython 2.7 and newer).
| _Predicate_ | _Matches_ | _Example_ |
| @attrib | Elements with attribute `attrib`. | second[@id] |
| @attrib="value" | Elements with attribute `attrib` having value `value`. | *[@id="2"] |
| position | Elements at the specified position. Position can be an integer (starting from 1), expression `last()`, or relative expression like `last() - 1`. | third/child[1] |
| tag | Elements with a child element named `tag`. | third/child[grandchild] |
Predicates can also be stacked like `path[predicate1][predicate2]`.
A limitation is that possible position predicate must always be first.
= Element attributes =
All keywords returning elements, such as `Parse XML`, and `Get Element`,
return ElementTree's
[http://docs.python.org/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element|Element objects].
These elements can be used as inputs for other keywords, but they also
contain several useful attributes that can be accessed directly using
the extended variable syntax.
The attributes that are both useful and convenient to use in the test
data are explained below. Also other attributes, including methods, can
be accessed, but that is typically better to do in custom libraries than
directly in the test data.
The examples use the same `${XML}` structure as the earlier examples.
== tag ==
The tag of the element.
| ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${XML} |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | example |
== text ==
The text that the element contains or Python `None` if the element has no
text. Notice that the text _does not_ contain texts of possible child
elements nor text after or between children. Notice also that in XML
whitespace is significant, so the text contains also possible indentation
and newlines. To get also text of the possible children, optionally
whitespace normalized, use `Get Element Text` keyword.
| ${1st} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | first |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${1st.text} | text | |
| ${2nd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second/child |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${2nd.text} | ${NONE} | |
| ${p} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html/p |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${p.text} | \\n${SPACE*6}Text with${SPACE} |
== tail ==
The text after the element before the next opening or closing tag. Python
`None` if the element has no tail. Similarly as with `text`, also `tail`
contains possible indentation and newlines.
| ${b} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | html/p/b |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${b.tail} | ${SPACE}and${SPACE} |
== attrib ==
A Python dictionary containing attributes of the element.
| ${2nd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | second |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${2nd.attrib['id']} | 2 | |
| ${3rd} = | `Get Element` | ${XML} | third |
| `Should Be Empty` | ${3rd.attrib} | | |
= Handling XML namespaces =
ElementTree handles possible namespaces in XML documents by adding the
namespace URI to tag names in so called Clark Notation. That is
inconvenient especially with xpaths, and by default this library strips
those namespaces away and moves them to `xmlns` attribute instead. That can
be avoided by passing `keep_clark_notation` argument to `Parse XML` keyword.
The pros and cons of both approaches are discussed in more detail below.
== How ElementTree handles namespaces ==
If an XML document has namespaces, ElementTree adds namespace information
to tag names in [http://www.jclark.com/xml/xmlns.htm|Clark Notation]
(e.g. `{http://ns.uri}tag` and removes original `xmlns` attributes. This
is done both with default namespaces and with namespaces with a prefix.
How it works in practice is illustrated by the following example, where
`${NS}` variable contains this XML document:
|
|
|
|
|
| ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${NS} | keep_clark_notation=yes |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | {http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform}stylesheet |
| `Element Should Exist` | ${root} | {http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform}template/{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}html |
| `Should Be Empty` | ${root.attrib} |
As you can see, including the namespace URI in tag names makes xpaths
really long and complex.
If you save the XML, ElementTree moves namespace information back to `xmlns`
attributes. Unfortunately it does not restore the original prefixes:
|
|
|
|
|
The resulting output is semantically same as the original, but mangling
prefixes like this may still not be desirable. Notice also that the actual
output depends slightly on ElementTree version.
== Default namespace handling ==
Because the way ElementTree handles namespaces makes xpaths so complicated,
this library, by default, strips namespaces from tag names and moves that
information back to `xmlns` attributes. How this works in practice is shown
by the example below, where `${NS}` variable contains the same XML
document as in the previous example.
| ${root} = | `Parse XML` | ${NS} |
| `Should Be Equal` | ${root.tag} | stylesheet |
| `Element Should Exist` | ${root} | template/html |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | xmlns | http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | xmlns | http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml | xpath=template/html |
Now that tags do not contain namespace information, xpaths are simple again.
A minor limitation of this approach is that namespace prefixes are lost.
As a result the saved output is not exactly same as the original one in
this case either:
|
|
|
|
|
Also this output is semantically same as the original. If the original XML
had only default namespaces, the output would also looks identical.
== Attribute namespaces ==
Attributes in XML documents are, by default, in the same namespaces as
the element they belong to. It is possible to use different namespaces
by using prefixes, but this is pretty rare.
If an attribute has a namespace prefix, ElementTree will replace it with
Clark Notation the same way it handles elements. Because stripping
namespaces from attributes could cause attribute conflicts, this library
does not handle attribute namespaces at all. Thus the following example
works the same way regardless how namespaces are handled.
| ${root} = | `Parse XML` | |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | id | 1 |
| `Element Attribute Should Be` | ${root} | {http://my.ns}id | 2 |
"""
ROBOT_LIBRARY_SCOPE = 'GLOBAL'
ROBOT_LIBRARY_VERSION = get_version()
_whitespace = re.compile('\s+')
_xml_declaration = re.compile('^<\?xml .*\?>\n')
def parse_xml(self, source, keep_clark_notation=False):
"""Parses the given XML file or string into an element structure.
The `source` can either be a path to an XML file or a string containing
XML. In both cases the XML is parsed into ElementTree
[http://docs.python.org/library/xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml.etree.ElementTree.Element|element structure]
and the root element is returned.
As discussed in `Handling XML namespaces` section, this keyword, by
default, strips possible namespaces added by ElementTree into tag names.
This typically eases handling XML documents with namespaces
considerably. If you do not want that to happen, or want to avoid
the small overhead of going through the element structure when your
XML does not have namespaces, you can disable this feature by giving
`keep_clark_notation` argument a true value (e.g. any non-empty string).
Examples:
| ${root} = | Parse XML | |
| ${xml} = | Parse XML | ${CURDIR}/test.xml | no namespace cleanup |
Use `Get Element` keyword if you want to get a certain element and not
the whole structure. See `Parsing XML` section for more details and
examples
Stripping namespaces is a new feature in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
with ETSource(source) as source:
root = ET.parse(source).getroot()
if not keep_clark_notation:
self._strip_namespaces(root)
return root
def _strip_namespaces(self, elem, current_ns=None):
if elem.tag.startswith('{') and '}' in elem.tag:
ns, elem.tag = elem.tag[1:].split('}', 1)
if ns != current_ns:
elem.set('xmlns', ns)
current_ns = ns
for child in elem:
self._strip_namespaces(child, current_ns)
def get_element(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns an element in the `source` matching the `xpath`.
The `source` can be a path to an XML file, a string containing XML, or
an already parsed XML element. The `xpath` specifies which element to
find. See the `introduction` for more details about both the possible
sources and the supported xpath syntax.
The keyword fails if more, or less, than one element matches the
`xpath`. Use `Get Elements` if you want all matching elements to be
returned.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${element} = | Get Element | ${XML} | second |
| ${child} = | Get Element | ${element} | child |
`Parse XML` is recommended for parsing XML when the whole structure
is needed. It must be used if there is a need to configure how XML
namespaces are handled.
"""
elements = self.get_elements(source, xpath)
if len(elements) != 1:
self._raise_wrong_number_of_matches(len(elements), xpath)
return elements[0]
def _raise_wrong_number_of_matches(self, count, xpath, message=None):
if not message:
message = self._wrong_number_of_matches(count, xpath)
raise AssertionError(message)
def _wrong_number_of_matches(self, count, xpath):
if not count:
return "No element matching '%s' found." % xpath
if count == 1:
return "One element matching '%s' found." % xpath
return "Multiple elements (%d) matching '%s' found." % (count, xpath)
def get_elements(self, source, xpath):
"""Returns a list of elements in the `source` matching the `xpath`.
The `source` can be a path to an XML file, a string containing XML, or
an already parsed XML element. The `xpath` specifies which element to
find. See the `introduction` for more details.
Elements matching the `xpath` are returned as a list. If no elements
match, an empty list is returned. Use `Get Element` if you want to get
exactly one match.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${children} = | Get Elements | ${XML} | third/child |
| Length Should Be | ${children} | 2 | |
| ${children} = | Get Elements | ${XML} | first/child |
| Should Be Empty | ${children} | | |
"""
if isinstance(source, basestring):
source = self.parse_xml(source)
if not xpath:
raise RuntimeError('No xpath given.')
if xpath == '.': # ET < 1.3 does not support '.' alone.
return [source]
return source.findall(self._get_xpath(xpath))
if ET.VERSION >= '1.3':
def _get_xpath(self, xpath):
return xpath
else:
def _get_xpath(self, xpath):
try:
return str(xpath)
except UnicodeError:
if not xpath.replace('/', '').isalnum():
logger.warn('XPATHs containing non-ASCII characters and '
'other than tag names do not always work with '
'Python/Jython versions prior to 2.7. Verify '
'results manually and consider upgrading to 2.7.')
return xpath
def get_child_elements(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns the child elements of the specified element as a list.
The element whose children to return is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
All the direct child elements of the specified element are returned.
If the element has no children, an empty list is returned.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${children} = | Get Child Elements | ${XML} | |
| Length Should Be | ${children} | 4 | |
| ${children} = | Get Child Elements | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| Should Be Empty | ${children} | | |
"""
return list(self.get_element(source, xpath))
def get_element_count(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns and logs how many elements the given `xpath` matches.
Arguments `source` and `xpath` have exactly the same semantics as with
`Get Elements` keyword that this keyword uses internally.
See also `Element Should Exist` and `Element Should Not Exist`.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
count = len(self.get_elements(source, xpath))
logger.info("%d element%s matched '%s'." % (count, s(count), xpath))
return count
def element_should_exist(self, source, xpath='.', message=None):
"""Verifies that one or more element match the given `xpath`.
Arguments `source` and `xpath` have exactly the same semantics as with
`Get Elements` keyword. Keyword passes if the `xpath` matches one or
more elements in the `source`. The default error message can be
overridden with the `message` argument.
See also `Element Should Not Exist` as well as `Get Element Count`
that this keyword uses internally.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
count = self.get_element_count(source, xpath)
if not count:
self._raise_wrong_number_of_matches(count, xpath, message)
def element_should_not_exist(self, source, xpath='.', message=None):
"""Verifies that no element match the given `xpath`.
Arguments `source` and `xpath` have exactly the same semantics as with
`Get Elements` keyword. Keyword fails if the `xpath` matches any
element in the `source`. The default error message can be overridden
with the `message` argument.
See also `Element Should Exist` as well as `Get Element Count`
that this keyword uses internally.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
count = self.get_element_count(source, xpath)
if count:
self._raise_wrong_number_of_matches(count, xpath, message)
def get_element_text(self, source, xpath='.', normalize_whitespace=False):
"""Returns all text of the element, possibly whitespace normalized.
The element whose text to return is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
This keyword returns all the text of the specified element, including
all the text its children and grandchildren contains. If the element
has no text, an empty string is returned. As discussed in the
`introduction`, the returned text is thus not always the same as
the `text` attribute of the element.
Be default all whitespace, including newlines and indentation, inside
the element is returned as-is. If `normalize_whitespace` is given any
true value (e.g. any non-empty string), then leading and trailing
whitespace is stripped, newlines and tabs converted to spaces, and
multiple spaces collapsed into one. This is especially useful when
dealing with HTML data.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${XML} | first |
| Should Be Equal | ${text} | text | |
| ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${XML} | second/child |
| Should Be Empty | ${text} | | |
| ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | html/p |
| ${text} = | Get Element Text | ${paragraph} | normalize_whitespace=yes |
| Should Be Equal | ${text} | Text with bold and italics. |
See also `Get Elements Texts`, `Element Text Should Be` and
`Element Text Should Match`.
"""
element = self.get_element(source, xpath)
text = ''.join(self._yield_texts(element))
if normalize_whitespace:
text = self._normalize_whitespace(text)
return text
def _yield_texts(self, element, top=True):
if element.text:
yield element.text
for child in element:
for text in self._yield_texts(child, top=False):
yield text
if element.tail and not top:
yield element.tail
def _normalize_whitespace(self, text):
return self._whitespace.sub(' ', text.strip())
def get_elements_texts(self, source, xpath, normalize_whitespace=False):
"""Returns text of all elements matching `xpath` as a list.
The elements whose text to return is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Elements`
keyword.
The text of the matched elements is returned using the same logic
as with `Get Element Text`. This includes optional whitespace
normalization using the `normalize_whitespace` option.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| @{texts} = | Get Elements Texts | ${XML} | third/child |
| Length Should Be | ${texts} | 2 | |
| Should Be Equal | @{texts}[0] | more text | |
| Should Be Equal | @{texts}[1] | ${EMPTY} | |
"""
return [self.get_element_text(elem, normalize_whitespace=normalize_whitespace)
for elem in self.get_elements(source, xpath)]
def element_text_should_be(self, source, expected, xpath='.',
normalize_whitespace=False, message=None):
"""Verifies that the text of the specified element is `expected`.
The element whose text is verified is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
The text to verify is got from the specified element using the same
logic as with `Get Element Text`. This includes optional whitespace
normalization using the `normalize_whitespace` option.
The keyword passes if the text of the element is equal to the
`expected` value, and otherwise it fails. The default error message can
be overridden with the `message` argument. Use `Element Text Should
Match` to verify the text against a pattern instead of an exact value.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | text | xpath=first |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | ${EMPTY} | xpath=second/child |
| ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p |
| Element Text Should Be | ${paragraph} | Text with bold and italics. | normalize_whitespace=yes |
"""
text = self.get_element_text(source, xpath, normalize_whitespace)
should_be_equal(text, expected, message, values=False)
def element_text_should_match(self, source, pattern, xpath='.',
normalize_whitespace=False, message=None):
"""Verifies that the text of the specified element matches `expected`.
This keyword works exactly like `Element Text Should Be` except that
the expected value can be given as a pattern that the text of the
element must match.
Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is
always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?'
matches any single character.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| Element Text Should Match | ${XML} | t??? | xpath=first |
| ${paragraph} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p |
| Element Text Should Match | ${paragraph} | Text with * and *. | normalize_whitespace=yes |
"""
text = self.get_element_text(source, xpath, normalize_whitespace)
should_match(text, pattern, message, values=False)
def get_element_attribute(self, source, name, xpath='.', default=None):
"""Returns the named attribute of the specified element.
The element whose attribute to return is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
The value of the attribute `name` of the specified element is returned.
If the element does not have such element, the `default` value is
returned instead.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${attribute} = | Get Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first |
| Should Be Equal | ${attribute} | 1 | | |
| ${attribute} = | Get Element Attribute | ${XML} | xx | xpath=first | default=value |
| Should Be Equal | ${attribute} | value | | |
See also `Get Element Attributes`, `Element Attribute Should Be`,
`Element Attribute Should Match` and `Element Should Not Have Attribute`.
"""
return self.get_element(source, xpath).get(name, default)
def get_element_attributes(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns all attributes of the specified element.
The element whose attributes to return is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
Attributes are returned as a Python dictionary. It is a copy of the
original attributes so modifying it has no effect on the XML structure.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${attributes} = | Get Element Attributes | ${XML} | first |
| Dictionary Should Contain Key | ${attributes} | id | |
| ${attributes} = | Get Element Attributes | ${XML} | third |
| Should Be Empty | ${attributes} | | |
Use `Get Element Attribute` to get the value of a single attribute.
"""
return self.get_element(source, xpath).attrib.copy()
def element_attribute_should_be(self, source, name, expected, xpath='.',
message=None):
"""Verifies that the specified attribute is `expected`.
The element whose attribute is verified is specified using `source`
and `xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
The keyword passes if the attribute `name` of the element is equal to
the `expected` value, and otherwise it fails. The default error message
can be overridden with the `message` argument.
To test that the element does not have a certain attribute, Python
`None` (i.e. variable `${NONE}`) can be used as the `expected` value.
A cleaner alternative is using `Element Should Not Have Attribute`.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | 1 | xpath=first |
| Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | ${NONE} | |
See also `Element Attribute Should Match` and `Get Element Attribute`.
"""
attr = self.get_element_attribute(source, name, xpath)
should_be_equal(attr, expected, message, values=False)
def element_attribute_should_match(self, source, name, pattern, xpath='.',
message=None):
"""Verifies that the specified attribute matches `expected`.
This keyword works exactly like `Element Attribute Should Be` except
that the expected value can be given as a pattern that the attribute of
the element must match.
Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is
always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?'
matches any single character.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| Element Attribute Should Match | ${XML} | id | ? | xpath=first |
| Element Attribute Should Match | ${XML} | id | c*d | xpath=third/second |
"""
attr = self.get_element_attribute(source, name, xpath)
if attr is None:
raise AssertionError("Attribute '%s' does not exist." % name)
should_match(attr, pattern, message, values=False)
def element_should_not_have_attribute(self, source, name, xpath='.', message=None):
"""Verifies that the specified element does not have attribute `name`.
The element whose attribute is verified is specified using `source`
and `xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
The keyword fails if the specified element has attribute `name`.
The default error message can be overridden with the `message` argument.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id |
| Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | xxx | xpath=first |
See also `Get Element Attribute`, `Get Element Attributes`,
`Element Text Should Be` and `Element Text Should Match`.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
attr = self.get_element_attribute(source, name, xpath)
if attr is not None:
raise AssertionError(message or "Attribute '%s' exists and "
"has value '%s'." % (name, attr))
def elements_should_be_equal(self, source, expected, exclude_children=False,
normalize_whitespace=False):
"""Verifies that the given `source` element is equal to `expected`.
Both `source` and `expected` can be given as a path to an XML file, as
a string containing XML, or as an already parsed XML element structure.
See `introduction` for more information about parsing XML in general.
The keyword passes if the `source` element and `expected` element
are equal. This includes testing the tag names, texts, and attributes
of the elements. By default also child elements are verified the same
way, but this can be disabled by setting `exclude_children` to any true
value (e.g. any non-empty string).
All texts inside the given elements are verified, but possible text
outside them is not. By default texts must match exactly, but setting
`normalize_whitespace` to any true value makes text verification
independent on newlines, tabs, and the amount of spaces. For more
details about handling text see `Get Element Text` keyword and
discussion about elements' `text` and `tail` attributes in the
`introduction`.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | first |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${first} | text |
| ${p} = | Get Element | ${XML} | html/p |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${p} | Text with bold and italics.
| normalize_whitespace=yes |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${p} | Text with
| exclude | normalize |
The last example may look a bit strange because the `` element only
has text `Text with`. The reason is that rest of the text inside `
`
actually belongs to the child elements.
See also `Elements Should Match`.
"""
self._compare_elements(source, expected, should_be_equal,
exclude_children, normalize_whitespace)
def elements_should_match(self, source, expected, exclude_children=False,
normalize_whitespace=False):
"""Verifies that the given `source` element matches `expected`.
This keyword works exactly like `Elements Should Be Equal` except that
texts and attribute values in the expected value can be given as
patterns.
Pattern matching is similar as matching files in a shell, and it is
always case-sensitive. In the pattern, '*' matches anything and '?'
matches any single character.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from the `introduction`:
| ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | first |
| Elements Should Match | ${first} | * |
See `Elements Should Be Equal` for more examples.
"""
self._compare_elements(source, expected, should_match,
exclude_children, normalize_whitespace)
def _compare_elements(self, source, expected, comparator, exclude_children,
normalize_whitespace):
normalizer = self._normalize_whitespace if normalize_whitespace else None
comparator = ElementComparator(comparator, normalizer, exclude_children)
comparator.compare(self.get_element(source), self.get_element(expected))
def set_element_tag(self, source, tag, xpath='.'):
"""Sets the tag of the specified element to `tag`.
The element whose tag to set is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Set Element Tag | ${XML} | newTag |
| Should Be Equal | ${XML.tag} | newTag |
| Set Element Tag | ${XML} | xxx | xpath=second/child |
| Element Should Exist | ${XML} | second/xxx |
| Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | second/child |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
self.get_element(source, xpath).tag = tag
return source
def set_element_text(self, source, text=None, tail=None, xpath='.'):
"""Sets text and/or tail text of the specified element.
The element whose text to set is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
Element's text and tail text are changed only if new `text` and/or
`tail` values are given. See `Element attributes` section for more
information about text and tail in general.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Set Element Text | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first |
| Set Element Text | ${XML} | tail=& | xpath=html/p/b |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with bold&italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes |
| Set Element Text | ${XML} | slanted | !! | xpath=html/p/i |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with bold&slanted!! | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
element = self.get_element(source, xpath)
if text is not None:
element.text = text
if tail is not None:
element.tail = tail
return source
def set_element_attribute(self, source, name, value, xpath='.'):
"""Sets attribute `name` of the specified element to `value`
The element whose attribute to set is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
It is possible to both set new attributes and to overwrite existing.
Use `Remove Element Attribute` or `Remove Element Attributes` for
removing them.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Set Element Attribute | ${XML} | attr | value |
| Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | attr | value |
| Set Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | new | xpath=first |
| Element Attribute Should Be | ${XML} | id | new | xpath=first |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
if not name:
raise RuntimeError('Attribute name can not be empty.')
source = self.get_element(source)
self.get_element(source, xpath).attrib[name] = value
return source
def remove_element_attribute(self, source, name, xpath='.'):
"""Removes attribute `name` from the specified element.
The element whose attribute to remove is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
It is not a failure to remove a non-existing attribute. Use `Remove
Element Attributes` to remove all attributes and `Set Element Attribute`
to set them.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Remove Element Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first |
| Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
attrib = self.get_element(source, xpath).attrib
if name in attrib:
attrib.pop(name)
return source
def remove_element_attributes(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Removes all attributes from the specified element.
The element whose attributes to remove is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
Use `Remove Element Attribute` to remove a single attribute and
`Set Element Attribute` to set them.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Remove Element Attributes | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| Element Should Not Have Attribute | ${XML} | id | xpath=first |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
self.get_element(source, xpath).attrib.clear()
return source
def add_element(self, source, element, index=None, xpath='.'):
"""Adds a child element to the specified element.
The element to whom to add the new element is specified using `source`
and `xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword. The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
The `element` to add can be specified as a path to an XML file or
as a string containing XML, or it can be an already parsed XML element.
The element is copied before adding so modifying either the original
or the added element has no effect on the other
.
The element is added as the last child by default, but a custom index
can be used to alter the position. Indices start from zero (0 = first
position, 1 = second position, etc.), and negative numbers refer to
positions at the end (-1 = second last position, -2 = third last, etc.).
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Add Element | ${XML} | |
| Add Element | ${XML} | | xpath=new |
| Add Element | ${XML} | | index=1 | xpath=new |
| ${new} = | Get Element | ${XML} | new |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${new} | |
Use `Remove Element` or `Remove Elements` to remove elements.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
parent = self.get_element(source, xpath)
element = self.copy_element(element)
if index is None:
parent.append(element)
else:
parent.insert(int(index), element)
return source
def remove_element(self, source, xpath='', remove_tail=False):
"""Removes the element matching `xpath` from the `source` structure.
The element to remove from the `source` is specified with `xpath`
using the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword. The given
`source` structure is modified and also returned.
The keyword fails if `xpath` does not match exactly one element.
Use `Remove Elements` to remove all matched elements.
Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed
by giving `remove_tail` a true value (e.g. any non-empty string).
See `Element attributes` section for more information about tail in
general.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Remove Element | ${XML} | xpath=second |
| Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=second |
| Remove Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p/b | remove_tail=yes |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
self._remove_element(source, self.get_element(source, xpath), remove_tail)
return source
def remove_elements(self, source, xpath='', remove_tail=False):
"""Removes all elements matching `xpath` from the `source` structure.
The elements to remove from the `source` are specified with `xpath`
using the same semantics as with `Get Elements` keyword. The given
`source` structure is modified and also returned.
It is not a failure if `xpath` matches no elements. Use `Remove Element`
to remove exactly one element and `Add Element` to add new ones.
Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed
by using `remove_tail` argument similarly as with `Remove Element`.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Remove Elements | ${XML} | xpath=*/child |
| Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=second/child |
| Element Should Not Exist | ${XML} | xpath=third/child |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
for element in self.get_elements(source, xpath):
self._remove_element(source, element, remove_tail)
return source
def _remove_element(self, root, element, remove_tail=False):
parent = self._find_parent(root, element)
if element.tail and not remove_tail:
self._preserve_tail(element, parent)
parent.remove(element)
def _find_parent(self, root, element):
for parent in root.getiterator():
for child in parent:
if child is element:
return parent
raise RuntimeError('Cannot remove root element.')
def _preserve_tail(self, element, parent):
index = list(parent).index(element)
if index == 0:
parent.text = (parent.text or '') + element.tail
else:
sibling = parent[index-1]
sibling.tail = (sibling.tail or '') + element.tail
def clear_element(self, source, xpath='.', clear_tail=False):
"""Clears the contents of the specified element.
The element to clear is specified using `source` and `xpath`. They
have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword.
The given `source` structure is modified and also returned.
Clearing the element means removing its text, attributes, and children.
Element's tail text is not removed by default, but that can be changed
by giving `clear_tail` a true value (e.g. any non-empty string).
See `Element attributes` section for more information about tail in
general.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| Clear Element | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| ${first} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${first} | |
| Clear Element | ${XML} | xpath=html/p/b | clear_tail=yes |
| Element Text Should Be | ${XML} | Text with italics. | xpath=html/p | normalize_whitespace=yes |
| Clear Element | ${XML} |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${XML} | |
Use `Remove Element` to remove the whole element.
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
source = self.get_element(source)
element = self.get_element(source, xpath)
tail = element.tail
element.clear()
if not clear_tail:
element.tail = tail
return source
def copy_element(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns a copy of the specified element.
The element to copy is specified using `source` and `xpath`. They
have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element` keyword.
If the copy or the original element is modified afterwards, the changes
have no effect on the other.
Examples using `${XML}` structure from `Example`:
| ${elem} = | Get Element | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| ${copy1} = | Copy Element | ${elem} |
| ${copy2} = | Copy Element | ${XML} | xpath=first |
| Set Element Text | ${XML} | new text | xpath=first |
| Set Element Attribute | ${copy1} | id | new |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${elem} | new text |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${copy1} | text |
| Elements Should Be Equal | ${copy2} | text |
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
return copy.deepcopy(self.get_element(source, xpath))
def element_to_string(self, source, xpath='.'):
"""Returns the string representation of the specified element.
The element to convert to a string is specified using `source` and
`xpath`. They have exactly the same semantics as with `Get Element`
keyword.
The returned string is in Unicode format and it does not contain any
XML declaration.
See also `Log Element` and `Save XML`.
"""
string = ET.tostring(self.get_element(source, xpath), encoding='UTF-8')
return self._xml_declaration.sub('', string.decode('UTF-8')).strip()
def log_element(self, source, level='INFO', xpath='.'):
"""Logs the string representation of the specified element.
The element specified with `source` and `xpath` is first converted into
a string using `Element To String` keyword internally. The resulting
string is then logged using the given `level`.
The logged string is also returned.
"""
string = self.element_to_string(source, xpath)
logger.write(string, level)
return string
def save_xml(self, source, path, encoding='UTF-8'):
"""Saves the given element to the specified file.
The element to save is specified with `source` using the same
semantics as with `Get Element` keyword.
The file where the element is saved is denoted with `path` and the
encoding to use with `encoding`. The resulting file contains an XML
declaration.
Use `Element To String` if you just need a string representation of
the element,
New in Robot Framework 2.7.5.
"""
tree = ET.ElementTree(self.get_element(source))
kwargs = {'xml_declaration': True} if ET.VERSION >= '1.3' else {}
# Need to explicitly open/close files because older ET versions don't
# close files they open and Jython/IPY don't close them implicitly.
with open(path, 'w') as output:
tree.write(output, encoding, **kwargs)
class ElementComparator(object):
def __init__(self, comparator, normalizer=None, exclude_children=False):
self._comparator = comparator
self._normalizer = normalizer or (lambda text: text)
self._exclude_children = exclude_children
def compare(self, actual, expected, location=None):
if not location:
location = Location(actual.tag)
self._compare_tags(actual, expected, location)
self._compare_attributes(actual, expected, location)
self._compare_texts(actual, expected, location)
if location.is_not_root:
self._compare_tails(actual, expected, location)
if not self._exclude_children:
self._compare_children(actual, expected, location)
def _compare_tags(self, actual, expected, location):
self._compare(actual.tag, expected.tag, 'Different tag name', location,
should_be_equal)
def _compare(self, actual, expected, message, location, comparator=None):
if location.is_not_root:
message = "%s at '%s'" % (message, location.path)
if not comparator:
comparator = self._comparator
comparator(actual, expected, message)
def _compare_attributes(self, actual, expected, location):
self._compare(sorted(actual.attrib), sorted(expected.attrib),
'Different attribute names', location, should_be_equal)
for key in actual.attrib:
self._compare(actual.attrib[key], expected.attrib[key],
"Different value for attribute '%s'" % key, location)
def _compare_texts(self, actual, expected, location):
self._compare(self._text(actual.text), self._text(expected.text),
'Different text', location)
def _text(self, text):
return self._normalizer(text or '')
def _compare_tails(self, actual, expected, location):
self._compare(self._text(actual.tail), self._text(expected.tail),
'Different tail text', location)
def _compare_children(self, actual, expected, location):
self._compare(len(actual), len(expected), 'Different number of child elements',
location, should_be_equal)
for act, exp in zip(actual, expected):
self.compare(act, exp, location.child(act.tag))
class Location(object):
def __init__(self, path, is_root=True):
self.path = path
self.is_not_root = not is_root
self._children = {}
def child(self, tag):
if tag not in self._children:
self._children[tag] = 1
else:
self._children[tag] += 1
tag += '[%d]' % self._children[tag]
return Location('%s/%s' % (self.path, tag), is_root=False)